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尽管不少人听过或读过肖洛霍夫那本著名的小说《静静的顿河》,对哥萨克的关注却很有限,除了杨素梅的《顿河哥萨克研究》,近年就少有其他相关著作。这也并不让人意外,顿河哥萨克从时间和空间上,距离我们似乎都太过遥远。
从反抗压迫的自由人到被沙俄收编成为领土扩张的先锋,随着罗曼诺夫王朝覆灭和苏维埃政权的建立,哥萨克作为军事特权阶层存在的条件消失了。1917-1920年代,顿河哥萨克正处于俄国内战的中心地带,赤贫哥萨克和富中农哥萨克成为两方各自争取的对象,造成了自相残杀的悲剧。
顿河哥萨克最终被按照设想的那样,剥夺土地特权,并以移民“掺沙子”等方式进行了改造,过去的经济生产方式被瓦解,宗教文化受到限制,这个群体的影响力被大大削弱。
苏联之后,在俄罗斯联邦政府支持下,哥萨克社团注册在案的哥萨克据说有六十余万,他们虽早已不再自备战马和武器服役,但尚武爱国的精神仍有延续。 2017年9月中旬,带着对顿河哥萨克的好奇,我只身一人前往顿河下游,开始我的顿河之旅。